The Jatropha curcas solid waste (cake seed) has potentials to develop as solid fuel. The process is that Jatropha curcas cake seeds are initially cracked, the shells are carefully removed, and the kernels obtained were used for oil extraction [2]. The process resulted in shells and cake seeds as shown in Fig. 1. Unpublished traditional experiments in Indonesia frequently used two levels of extraction. The kernels were initially extracted and two results, i.e. cake seeds and Jatropha crude oil (CJO), were obtained. The cake seed was pressed again until it resulted the second CJO. In each converting, three types of waste were found, namely, shells / husk, cake seeds, and sludge.
Fig 1. The converting process of crude Jatropha oil
In the composition of waste that comprises of cake seeds, shells and sludge were 60.9-67% in weight, while actual oil was only 26-79% [1, 4, 11]. The higher potential of solid waste can be used to produce solid fuel. This paper presents a preparation for analyzing the energetic characteristics of Jatropha curcas pyrolised solid waste.
Table 1. The result of Proximate and heating value analyses
| Proximate analysis of cake seed | ||||
| Analysis | Non-Pyrolisis | Pyrolisis-a | Pyrolisis-b | Pyrolisis-c |
| Moisture (%) Volatile (%) Ash (%) Fixed carbon (%) | 17.79 50.21 4.55 27.45 | 10.68 44.95 7.25 37.13 | 7.99 44.09 6.70 41.23 | 9.28 40.52 7.70 42.50 |
| Heating value | ||||
| HHV (cal/gram) | 4,055 | 4,901 | 5,040 | 5,342 |
Table 1 indicates the proximate and heating value analyses. Pyrolisis-a, b and c were treatment with 300 ºC and varied residence time with 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The content of volatile matters, it seems that increased the reaction time will reduced the percentage of volatile matters value ranging from 50.21% (db) to 40.52 (db). It shows that there was the decreased value of 19% from the raw materials until the pyrolisis-c for cake seed. It was because when the pyrolisis was applied, the chemical decomposition occurred with most volatile matters being released. Based on the data, it can be shown that the mean values of fixed carbon varied from 27.45% to 42.50% (db), and those of ashes lied at 4.55% and 7.70% (db).
Fig. 2. The result of heating value analyses; CS: Cake Seed, S: Shell
Fig. 2 shows the heating value analysis on Jatropha curcas solid waste. The heating value normally increased with increased a reaction time of pyrolisis. There was the increase of 17% from non-pyrolisis to pyrolisis-a cake seeds. Thus, the increase was highest between the pyrolisis-a to pyrolisis-c increases, i.e. 2% to 5.6%, respectively. The higher heating value of the shell varies from 4113 to 6401 Kg cal/kg in dry basis (db). There was high increased of 34 % from shell non-pyrlosis to pyrolisis-a. In sludge, heating value drastically increased at a rate of 7090 kcal/kg compared with the cake seed.
Fig. 3. Higher heating value for different biomass waste
Fig. 3 shows a comparison between the heating value of Jatropha curcas solid waste (cake seed, shell and sludge) and other waste biomasses collected from various literatures. Based on the data above, the Heating value of cake seeds was of 16.97 MJ/kg (db), while the shell and sludge were 17.22 MJ/kg (db), 29.68 MJ/kg (db), respectively. Sludge has a highest heating value. It was sludge still has a high content of oil. It depends on a high pressure done upon mechanical pressure.
Nugroho Agung Pambudi
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